RTW Leg 120
Nice (France) - Rome (Italy)
LFMN - LIRU 444 nm, 2:34 hours
Departure: late afternoon

Route Map
Nice, Monaco (Monte Carlo), San Remo, Isle of Corse, Elba, Pisa, Florence, Rome


NOTAM: From Nice to Imperia you are advised to follow the coast line if the visibility is good enough, rather than flying directly from waypoint to waypoint.
NARRATIVE

MONACO
Monaco
Monaco

Monaco, officially Principality of Monaco (French: Principauté de Monaco) is a sovereign principality located along the Mediterranean Sea in the midst of the resort area of the Côte d'Azur (French Riviera). The city of Nice lies 9 miles (15 km) to the west, the Italian border 5 miles (8 km) to the east. Monaco's tiny territory occupies a set of densely clustered hills and a headland that looks southward over the Mediterranean. The principality has an area of only about 0.73 square mile (1.9 square km). Many unusual features, however, have made Monaco among the most luxurious tourist resorts in the world and have given it a fame far exceeding its size.
Grace Kelly
Grace Kelly
Many visitors to Monaco alternate their hours between its beaches and boating facilities, the international sports-car races, and the world-famous Place du Casino, the gambling center in the Monte-Carlo section that made Monte-Carlo an international byword for the extravagant display and reckless dispersal of wealth. The country has a mild Mediterranean climate with annual temperatures averaging 61° F (16° C) and with only about 60 days of rainfall. Monthly average temperatures range from 50° F (10° C) in January to 75° F (24° C) in August.

Thinking of Monaco is also thinking of Grace Kelly (1928-1982), the former model and stage actress who came to film prominence with High Noon (1952) and her Oscar-nominated role in Mogambo (1953). Kelly then starred in three consecutive films directed by Alfred Hitchcock (To Catch a Thief, Dial M for Murder, and Rear Window), who made brilliant use of her signature combination of cool, elegant charm and smoldering sensuality. In 1956 she married Prince Rainier of Monaco, becoming Her Serene Highness, Princess Grace of Monaco, and retired from film (though she served on the board of directors of 20th Century-Fox from 1976 to 1981). Grace Kelly died in a car accident in 1982.

One of the world's greatest and most challenging motor-racing events, the Monaco Grand Prix is the last 'street course' remaining in the Formula One calendar. Staged around the narrow, winding streets of Monte Carlo, the attraction of the Monaco Grand Prix is the proximity of the speeding Formula One cars to the race spectators. The twisting 78-lap circuit offers countless opportunities over the 263-kilometre race to witness the thrill of screaming engines, smoking tires and the genius of the drivers on a course that allows no margin for error. Since the first Monaco Grand Prix was staged on the 14 April 1929, the fastest average race speed has risen from 80 kilometers (50 miles) per hour to 142 kilometers (88 miles) per hour.

MONTE CARLO
Monte Carlo: Casino
Monte Carlo: the Casino
"Rien ne va plus"
Monte Carlo is one of the four quartiers (sections) of Monaco. In 1856 Prince Charles III of Monaco granted a charter allowing a joint stock company to build a casino. The casino opened in 1861, and five years later the district around it was declared by the Prince to be Monte-Carlo.
Casino
Casino: interior
To revitalize the principality's economy, Monte-Carlo was transformed into a luxuriously beautiful playground for the world's rich. The casino includes an opera house (1878). The International Sporting Club (1932) is nearby. The gambling tables are open only to visitors to Monaco. The casino operating company, which was taken over by the government in 1967, contributes less than 5 percent of the annual state budget. High-rise hotels and apartment buildings have replaced many of Monte-Carlo's picturesque villas.
SAN REMO
We leave Monaco and soon we cross the French/Italian border before reaching San Remo.
San Remo
San Remo Bay
San Remo lies on the Italian Riviera known as the Riviera dei Fiori. A year-round health resort since 1861, its repute was greatly increased by the visit of Frederick III of Germany in 1887–88. The old town on the hillside has steep, narrow streets with 13th-century houses, the 12th-century cathedral of San Siro, and the sanctuary of the Madonna della Costa (15th–17th century). The new town on the coast is characterized by handsome villas and hotels, gardens and scenic promenades, and the casino. The small seaport is sheltered by a 4,000-ft- (1,200-m-) long mole and overlooked by the old Genoese Fort of Santa Tecla. San Remo has the most important flower market in Italy and exports blooms to continental Europe. Olives and lemons are also cultivated.
San Remo is also known from the annual cycle race Milan - San Remo ("La Primavera"), over a distance of about 290 km. Since the first edition in 1907, the only time the race has not been held was due to war in 1916, 1944 and 1945.
IMPERIA
Shortly before reaching Imperia (Italy), we leave the mainland to set course for Corsica, crossing part of the Mediterranean Sea.
Imperia lies on that part of the Riviera di Ponente known as the Riviera dei Fiori, northeast of San Remo. Formed in 1923 by the union of Porto Maurizio, Oneglia, and several villages, the town took its name from the Torrente Impero (“Impero Stream”) that crosses the town. Porto Maurizio, once a Roman port, became the seat of a Genoese vicar in 1276 and, with Genoa, fell to the French in 1797. Joined to the kingdom of Sardinia in 1814, it was made a provincial capital in 1860. Oneglia originated in 935 from a Roman coastal castle, Castelvecchio, and was a tenure of the Albenga episcopacy from 1100. Sold to the Doria family in 1298, it passed to the house of Savoy in 1576 and was captured by France in 1792. Passing to Piedmont in 1814, it was a provincial capital until 1859.
Imperia's Neoclassical-style Cathedral of San Maurizio (1779–81) is notable, as are the province building (1910) and city hall (1932). Imperia is an industrial and commercial centre and port on the Genoa-Ventimiglia-Nice railway and road. The town is noted for the production and export of olive oil and flowers. Tourism and the manufacture of spaghetti, perfume, drugs, and cement are also important.

CORSICA
Calvi
Calvi
Genoese citadel
We reach the coast of the island Corsica at Calvi. The medieval hilltop citadel of Calvi takes centre stage in a marvelous natural arena - a circle of craggy mountains encompassing six kilometers of fine, pearly-white sand, hemmed by the fragrant shade of a pine forest. With such physical splendors - a superb beach, a beautiful old town, an exhilarating ring of peaks and a sheltered harbor, it is no surprise that Calvi has long been a popular destination for travelers. Stylish shops, restaurants and cafés there are, along the colorful promenade that verges the harbor and in the narrow streets behind it, but the old bastion has kept its fascinating history intact. The glorious beach, with its gently shelving sand, is perfect for all kinds of watersports - windsurfing, para-gliding, dinghy sailing and water-skiing - and is such a length that the assiduous can always find a quiet spot furthest away from the town.

Armand Sedgley first visited Calvi Feb. 14, 1944, as a 22-year-old B-17 bombardier when he and his crew crash-landed in the Mediterranean Sea about 200 meters from the city's shore. Their mission began earlier in the day when they left Amendola Air Base, Italy, to bomb the railway yards in Verona, but German fighter aircraft inflicted heavy damage and forced the B-17 to attempt a landing at the closest Allied airfield: Calvi.
They lost altitude too quickly, though, and were forced to crash land the aircraft in the sea.
Pilot 2nd Lt. Frank Chaplick, Sedgeley, top turret gunner Tech. Sgt. Frank Bradley and right waist gunner Staff Sgt. Joseph P. Baron survived the mission. Tail gunner Staff Sgt. Tony Duca, radio operator Tech. Sgt. Robert H. Householder, and left waist gunner Staff Sgt. George J. Murphy were killed in action before the crash landing and went to a watery grave with their aircraft.
Sedgeley made his second visit to Corsica Oct. 2, 51 years after his crash-landing. This time he landed at the Calvi airport with his son David.
This second visit was as part of a city of Calvi commemoration of the B-17, which is locally regarded as a historical landmark to the war and the brave men and women who gave their lives for liberty and freedom.

NOTAM: When you have installed CALVI.ZIP (513 kb), you will have a splendid view on the citadel. It's beautiful done in FS2000. Fly over it at about 600 ft. The flight plan takes you right there at waypoint CITAD.

Corte
Corte
From Calvi we go south-west to Corte.
The fortress city and the villages are admirably situated and have a wealth of frescoes in their Roman or Baroque sanctuaries.

Corsica (French Corse) is the fourth largest island (after Sicily, Sardinia, and Cyprus) in the Mediterranean. It embraces (from 1976) two départements of France, Haute-Corse and Corse-du-Sud. Corsica it is separated from Sardinia by the 7-mile (11-kilometre) Strait of Bonifacio. The island has an area of 3,352 square miles (8,681 square km).
Bastia
Bastia
Bastia is since 1976 the capital of Haute-Corse département. It lies on the northeastern coast of Corsica, 22 miles (35 km) south of the island's northernmost point, the tip of Cape Corse. It is close to the Italian mainland (73 miles [117 km] from Livorno), and across the Tyrrhenian Sea can be seen the island of Elba, flanked by Monte Cristo and Capraia. Originally a poor fishing village called Marina di Cardo, in 1383 it changed its name after a Genoese keep, or bastiglia, was constructed there. Bastia was the capital of Corsica until 1791 and still is military headquarters of the island. The old town (Terra Vecchia) is built in and around the central part of the harbor. The upper town (Terra Nuova) lies to the south, the modern town to the north and west. The old town is a network of alleys connected by dark, vaulted passages. The classical facades of the Church of San Giovanni Battista, law court, theatre, and city hall are floridly decorated. Bastia manufactures cigarettes, cigars, and preserves, and its exports include the celebrated wines of Cape Corse.

About Corsica
Corsica is the problem of France. The country has a history of disobedience, but the wish for independence or autonomy is complicated. There are a number of organizations in Corsica who proclaim independence or autonomy for the island. Their wishes vary from time to time and it has been influenced with the level of support and benefits the French central government was providing to the island and the organizations.
corsica
Corsica
To state their case, to pressure the central government or to fight out a conflict with a concurrent organizations assaults are committed towards government officials, official buildings, houses of foreigners or at buildings of rival organizations. This has been a real nuisance to the island and Paris. As a reaction the island was very often granted more grants and benefits but the policy seems to change in Paris. Especially now when the goals of the organizations started to change from political to economical and private objectives.
The acquired social and economical benefits created an above normal welfare for the island and stability. The political instability was not a threat to the island as a whole but the effects could now create a backlash. The central government gets tired of the independent movements and want to eliminate them and the extraordinary benefits for Corsica. If this new policy is implemented it will lead to a short outburst of violence and more instability and would mean in the end a worser position of Corsica. Whether as a part of France or a more autonomous / independent region.

ELBA
Elba
Elba: La Torra
Latin Ilva, island off the west coast of Italy, in the Tyrrhenian Sea. Elba has an area of 86 square miles (223 square km) and is the largest island of the Tuscan Archipelago. It is famous as Napoleon's place of exile in 1814-15. Administratively Elba is part of Livorno provincia, Tuscany regione, Italy. Its coast is precipitous and its interior mountainous, rising to Mount Capanne (3,343 feet [1,019 m]).

The Etruscans mined iron ore at Elba, which was then called Aethalia ("Smoky Place") by the Greeks, probably because of the smelting furnaces. The Romans, who called it Ilva, also mined iron ore and established a naval base on the island. Elba was ruled by Pisa in the early Middle Ages, but it passed to Genoa in 1290 and in 1399 to the dukes of Piombino, who ceded it to Cosimo I de Medici of Florence in 1548. A portion of the island, in Spanish hands from 1596 until 1709, was next ruled by Naples. In 1802 it was ceded to France, and, when Napoleon I abdicated in 1814, he was exiled to Elba. He arrived there on May 4. The island was recognized as an independent principality with Napoleon as its ruler until Feb. 26, 1815, on which day he returned to France for the Hundred Days. Thereafter Elba was restored to Tuscany, with which it passed to unified Italy in 1860.

Napoleon
Elba and Napoleon
In the spring of 1814 Napoleon Bonaparte was forced to abdicate his throne by the allied forces of Europe (England, Prussia, Austria, and Russia) as well as malcontents in France herself.
He was exiled to the island of Elba where he received an annual allowance from France. The terms and stipulations of the exile were laid out in the treaty of Fontainbleau, signed the 11th of April, 1814. He arrived on Elba on May 4.
Napoleon's chief residence, the Mulini Palace, overlooks the sea near Portoferraio, Elba's chief town, on the north coast. His summer residence, Villa San Martino, lies 4 miles (6 km) southwest and contains a museum and a collection of engravings.
Napoleon's repose on Elba was pleasant, and though the full staff which accompanied him to the island was only thirty-five, it still made up an imperial court. However, Napoleon was only a "play emperor" and he knew it.
On Elba, Napoleon grew weary of playing emperor. Many of the conditions of the treaty of Fontainbleau were not being met and Napoleon grew restless. Late one night he stole off with about 1200 troops aboard a hired frigate. He then marched his troops first toward Grenoble He met little armed resistance until he reached the hamlet of Laffray where he encountered a battalion of the 5th Regiment of the Line. Stepping forward from his little army, Napoleon advanced within a pistol shot of the hostile troops who had formed up and been given orders to open fire on the Emperor. They hesitated, at the sight of Napoleon so brazenly standing before him. It is recorded that he threw open his coat and shouted to them: "Let him that has the heart, kill his Emperor!" It is also recorded that these soldiers threw down their arms and cried "Vive l'Empereur!" Napoleon then ordered them to form up and they all marched on together.
Napoleon encountered no more resistance to his march on Paris. Seven days before Napoleon's arrival in Paris, the Allies (England, Prussia, Austria, and Russia) met in Vienna to decide what should be done. Napoleon was declared an outlaw and it was resolved that the Allies should combine armies and attack France from all sides. Though Napoleon's efforts were great, he was only able to bring some 300,000 troops to bear against the Allies' combined armies of almost 1,000,000 men
After the defeat at Waterloo, Napoleon returned to Paris where he at first began to plan further resistance, but he was hostility resisted and the next day, on the 22nd of June he abdicated for a second time. He was induced to leave Paris and he attempted to flee to the United States, but was intercepted by the English, who held him prisoner until he surrendered to them on the 15th of July on board the ship, Bellerophon.
Later on Napoleon was sent to St. Helena (a small island in the Atlantic, 1700 miles north-west of Cape Town) where he had to spend the rest of his life.




Piombino
PIOMBINO
After leaving Elba, we head for the Italian mainland, where we reach Piombino, a town in the Livorno provincia, Toscana (Tuscany) regione. It lies at the tip of the Piombino promontory below Mount Massoncello, opposite the island of Elba. Once a possession of the archbishops of Pisa, it was declared a princedom in 1594 and was variously owned or occupied before becoming part of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861. Its Piazza Bovio, standing on a cliff, is one of the finest squares in Italy. Nearby Populonia has Etruscan, Roman, and medieval remains. An old seaport with significant shipping traffic, Piombino has ironworks and steelworks and provides passenger and car ferry service to Elba; it is connected by branch railway with Campiglia Marittima on the main Rome-Genoa line.



Leaning tower
Pisa
The Leaning Tower



PISA
Pisa is the capital of the provincia of Pisa, central Italy, in the regione of Tuscany (Toscana). The city lies on the alluvial plain of the Arno River, about 6 miles (10 km) from the Ligurian Sea and 50 miles (80 km) west of Florence. Pisa lay by the sea until the 15th century, by which time accumulated silt deposited by the Arno River had completely cut the city off from the receding shoreline.

Pisa is well known for its Leaning Tower.
The construction begun in 1173 and it must have been suspended at the completion of the third ring, around ten years later, since a subsidence of the soil of between 30 and 40 cm. had thrown the tower out of the perpendicular, causing an initial overhang of circa 5 cm. More than a century after the laying of the foundation stone, was once again begun (1275) by Giovanni di Simone, who added three more levels, correcting the axis of the Campanile. In 1284 the six stories of loggias were to all effects finished, bringing the height of the building to 48 m., and employing a technical expedient that was meant to diminish, at least optically, the effects of the inclination, accomplished by raising the galleries of the upper floors on that side.

At the time the inclination of the Tower was more than 90 cm. The tormented vicissitudes of the Tower did not, as one might expect, greatly worry those who were involved in the construction and completion. The long intervals between building activity were dictated, most likely, by the need of letting the Campanile 'rest', but above all by letting both the foundations and the ground on which they rested settle down.

In a certain sense it can be said that the subsidence of the soil and the consequent inclination had, on the whole, been foreseen. At the beginning of the 14th century the bells were placed at the sixth level, in the large opening still visible in the marble cylinder beyond the loggia. Between 1350 and 1372 Tommaso di Andrea Pisano (according to Vasari) terminated the installation of the belfry on the summit of the sixth order of loggias, increasing the correction of the axis, and thus diminishing the load on the side that was in inclination, which in the mean while had become fixed at 1.43 m.

Conceived of not only as a bell tower, but also as a belvedere for the square below - from the earliest times the loggias have served as 'grandstand' for religious events and fairs - it rises 58.36 m above the level of the foundation, just under 56 m over the level of the countryside, and its inclination, measured at the base, is over 4 m. The average subsidence of the base is 2.25 m, while the progressio of the overhang, despite all attempts so far made to bring it to a halt, is about 1.2 mm per year.


NOTAM: The Leaning Tower is a few miles after PISA Vor, at waypoint TOWER. The tower is in the default FS2000 scenery, but looks a little ugly. To see it you have to descent to less than 2,000 ft.
FLORENCE

Piazza Signoria
Piazza della Signoria with Pilazzo Vecchio

Florence, in Latin called Florentia, is the capital of Firenze province and Toscana (Tuscany) region, central Italy. The city has, during its long history, been a republic, a seat of the duchy of Tuscany, and a capital (1865–71) of Italy. Florence was founded as a Roman military colony about the 1st century BC and during the 14th to 16th centuries achieved preeminence in commerce and finance, learning, and, especially, the arts. The modern city has an area of about 40 square miles (104 square kilometers). It is surrounded by gently rolling hills that are covered with villas and farms, vineyards and orchards.
The present glory of Florence is its past. Its buildings are works of art abounding in yet more works of art. The splendors of the city are stamped with the personalities of the men who made them. The geniuses of Florence were backed by men of towering wealth, and the city to this day gives testimony to their passions for religion, for art, for power, or for money. Among the most famous of the city's giants are Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Dante, Machiavelli, Galileo, and its most renowned rulers, the generations of the Medici family.
The cultural and historical impact of Florence is overwhelming. Close up, however, the city is one of Italy's most atmospheric and pleasant, retaining a strong resemblance to the small late-medieval centre that contributed so much to the cultural and political development of Europe. Unfortunately, it can be one of Italy's most clogged tourist traps, with up to 2000 tourist buses arriving daily in the peak season.
Where Rome is a historical hot-pot, Florence is like stepping back into a Fiat and Vespa-filled Renaissance: the shop-lined Ponte Vecchio, the trademark Duomo, the gem-filled Uffizi Gallery, the turreted Piazza della Signoria and the Medici Chapels. Thankfully, these unforgettables are all within walking distance of each other.
Arno River and Ponte Vecchio
Arno River and Ponte Vecchio
Florence was badly damaged during WWII by the retreating Germans, who bombed all its bridges except the Ponte Vecchio. Devastating floods ravaged the city in 1966, causing inestimable damage to its building and artworks, some of which are still being restored. The salvage operation led to the widespread use of modern restoration techniques which have saved artworks throughout the country.

One of the places to visit when you are in Florence, is the Piazza della Signoria
The piazza was at the hub of Florence's political life through the centuries, and is surrounded by some of the city's most celebrated buildings. With its famous group of sculptures, the loggia looks a lot like an outdoor sculpture gallery; Cellini's magnificent statue of Perseus and Giambologna's Rape of a Sabine are particularly striking.
David
David

Guarding the Palazzo Vecchio is a copy of Michelangelo's oh-so-strokeable David. The palazzo has been Florence's town hall since 1322. Its characterful tower is another of Florence's symbols, and the interior of the palazzo was lavishly redecorated by Vasari. An elevated corridor called Vasari's Corridor leads from the palazzo, through the Uffizi, across the Arno by way of the Ponte Vecchio, and all the way down to the Palazzo Pitti. The private walkway was used by the Medici family as a way of visiting their scattered palaces without having to mingle with the masses. The walkway is lined, as if merely as an afterthought, with works of art.
Backing onto the loggia, and leading all the way down to the banks of the River Arno, is the famed Uffizi Gallery. The gallery's wonderful collection is arranged to illustrate the evolving story of Florentine art. Some of the most famous pieces are in rooms 7-18; they include Botticelli's Birth of Venus, Titian's Venus of Urbino, Michelangelo's Holy Family and Piero della Francesca's Duke & Duchess of Urbino.
If you make it out of the Uffizi with any energy and concentration left to spare, wander along the banks of the Arno towards the Ponte Vecchio. The famous 14th-century bridge is lined with shops selling gold and silver jewelry - a step up from the butcher shops that lined the bridge before Cosimo I decided glitter was better than gore. As mentioned before, this bridge was the only one in the city to escape destruction during WWII.

Those who have read the thriller "Hannibal" (by Thomas Harris), a sequel to "The Silence of the Lambs", might remember that the main part of this novel is situated in Florence, where Hannibal Lector was about to be selected as a prestigious curator for the Palazzo Vecchio. It was also in the Palazzo Vecchio that the Florence police officer, Rinaldo Pazzi, was slaughtered by Hannibal by hanging him from the balcony of the Palazzo with his bowels hanging out (the same thing that happened to Pazzi's ancestors).

siena
Siena: Cathedral
The next historical town we are going to visit is Siena.
Ramparts - just one of the many vestiges of the city's medieval prime - still crown the hills that surround gentle Siena. Its many reddish-brown buildings gave the world 'burnt sienna', and a thriving cultural scene was dubbed the Sienese school in the 13th and 14th centuries. Plague and autocrats from the Viscontis to the Medicis brought urban growth and cultural finesse to a screaming halt, the rot setting in with the plague of 1348, which killed 65,000 of the city's 100,000 people. Fortunately, Italy's finest medieval square - the Piazza del Campo - was finished just in time, with the graceful town hall and emblemic tower nearby. Siena's duomo is a stunner, with black and white stripes of marble on the facade. Palazzos, piazzas, art collections, museums and churches are scattered throughout the easily walkable old town, making Siena a great destination for visitors who like to see things from the pavement up.


ROME
Colosseum
Colosseum
Rome (Italian Roma), a capital of kingdoms and of republics and of an empire the armies and polity of which defined the Western world in antiquity and left seemingly indelible imprints thereafter, a city called eternal, as the spiritual and physical centre of the Roman Catholic Church, and a city whose name evokes major pinnacles of artistic and intellectual achievement, Rome has retained all of these attributes: the capital of Italy, a font of religious authority, and a memorial to the creative imagination of the past. Probably more than any other city in the West, possibly more than any other in the world, it is a city whose history continues to shape nearly every aspect of its being but, at the same time, whose contemporary consciousness of that history projects it into the very core of modern life. There's no escaping it: Rome means history. There's layers of the stuff - Etruscan tombs, Republican meeting rooms, Imperial temples, early Christian churches, medieval bell towers, Renaissance palaces and baroque basilicas. In this city a phenomenal concentration of history, legend and monuments coexists with an equally phenomenal concentration of people busily going about their everyday life. It's hard to say what you'll find most breathtaking about the eternal city - the arrogant opulence of the Vatican, the timelessness of the Forum, the top speed of a Fiat Bambino or the bill for your caffè latte.

Arch of Constatine
Arch of Constatine
Rome is halfway down Italy's western coast, about 20km (12mi) inland. It's a vast city, but the historic centre is quite small. Most of the major sights are within a reasonable distance of the central railway station, Stazione Termini. It is, for instance, possible to walk from the Colosseum, through the Forum, up to Piazza di Spagna and across to the Vatican in one day, but you wouldn't really want to. All the major monuments are west of the train station, but make sure you use a map. While it can be enjoyable to get off the beaten track in Rome, it can also be very frustrating and time-consuming.
The Palatine Hill and the Forum are the centre of ancient Rome. Via del Corso runs north from the Forum to Piazza del Popolo, with the Spanish Steps and the Trevi Fountain just to its east. The Vatican is northwest of the Forum, across the River Tiber.
Most of the budget places to stay are clustered around Stazione Termini; this area is rife with pickpockets and gangs of thieving children, so beware - do your best to look like you know where you're going (pretend you're John Travolta strutting along to 'Staying Alive'). It is only slightly more expensive and definitely more enjoyable to stay closer to the city centre. Good-quality, reasonably priced meals can be found in the trattorie around Piazza Navona and in Trastevere.
Fiumicino airport is about 26km (16mi) southwest of the city. Stazione Termini is just northeast of the Palatine Hill and the Forum. The main bus station is just outside Termini.

St Peters Basilica
St Peters Basilica

Holy See
Not many religions actually own a country, but Catholicism isn't just any religion, and the Holy See - or Vatican City - isn't any ordinary country. Headed up by his holiness, the tiny enclave in the heart of Rome is the administrative and spiritual capital of Roman Catholicism, and the world's smallest independent state. During the working week, the population increases fivefold as residents of Rome cross the 'border' to do the Lord's work.
Despite its importance to the devout - there are an estimated one billion Catholics worldwide - it's not all bells and smells at the pope's house. Scandal and intrigue have accompanied the office of the papacy for almost two millennia, and plenty of that scandal occurred within the Vatican buildings. But even without a dubious relationship with the Nazis, corruption and rumours of Mafia murders, the Vatican would remain a spectacular destination for history buffs, religious types and art-lovers alike. The Vatican is probably per square foot the richest country in the world, making up for their total lack of natural resources with an astonishing collection of priceless art treasures.

Rome's History
You cannot visit Rome without knowing a bit about its history. Actually of course you can, but you will miss a lot. And you will never understand Europe's history without a certain knowledge of the Roman Empire, which has influenced our languages and our law systems.

Ancient Romans believed their city had been founded on 21 April 753 BC, and more recent archaeological discoveries pretty much back this up. According to myth, the city was founded by the twin sons of Mars, god of war, and Rhea Silvia, princess and (until meeting Mars) vestal virgin. The twins, Romulus and Remus, were abandoned on the shores of the Tiber and brought up by a she-wolf. Romulus killed his brother in a battle over who should govern, then established the city of Rome on the Palatino.

The nonmythical city was ruled by Etruscan kings until 510 BC, when it became a republic. By the 2nd century BC the city controlled central and southern Italy, had defeated the rival empire of Carthage in three Punic wars and was poised to take over the whole Mediterranean. But as Rome became more powerful abroad, its citizens got more uppity at home - the city suffered several civil wars, with the last wrapping up on the Ides of March, 44 BC, when Brutus backstabbed Julius Caesar.

Castel Sant'Angelo
Castel Sant'Angelo
The Republic ended and the emperors took over, ushering in a frenzy of civic and monumental building. Each emperor wanted to leave his mark on the city - Nero built the Domus Aurea, Vespasian the Colosseum (see picture), Trajan his eponymous column (see picture), Hadrian Castel Sant'Angelo (see picture) - and in their eagerness to outdo one another, they sprinkled Rome with many of the famous buildings that still stand today. The Empire reached its greatest extent under Trajan (who ruled from 98-117 AD), spanning the area from northern England to Mesopotamia, north to the River Danube and south down the Nile.

With the rise of Christianity in the 4th century, Rome lost much of its secular power but became the centre of a new empire, Christendom. The Bishop of Rome was named successor to Saint Peter (or, in other words, Pope), which made him the big guy of Western Europe. Many of the city's large basilicas - such as Santa Croce, Santa Maria Maggiore, San Pietro and San Sebastiano - were built around this time.

Colomn of Trajan
The Colomn of Trajan
When, in 410, the Barbarian invasions began, Rome waved goodbye to the last of its salad days. Although the Vandals are often blamed for the sack of Rome, the citizens themselves did more damage, stripping many of the city's fine buildings for their marble. The Western Roman Empire bit the dust in 476 when Odoacer deposed Emperor Romulus Augustulus - from this time on power moved east, and Germanic and Byzantine leaders bickered over who was the real emperor. Things looked grim for the Eternal City until the late 8th century, when Pope Stephen II backed up the claims of Frankish king Pepin the Short that he was the chosen of God, and in return received a parcel of land around Rome. The alliance became known as the Holy Roman Empire - combining the power of church and state - and on Christmas Day 800 the Frankish king, Charlemagne, was crowned Holy Roman Emperor.

From the 9th to the 12th centuries the power of the popes grew, although it was under constant attack from the city's various aristocratic houses. The papacy splurged its wealth on several new churches dedicated to the Virgin - the Santa Marias of Cosmedin, Trastevere (with its spectacular mosaic), Aracoeli and sopra Minerva. Although things hit the skids a bit in the 14th century, when the pope was exiled to Avingnon, France, due to factional fighting and the city's population and infrastructure took a plummet, the papacy had reestablished its firm grip on the reigns by the 15th century. Things got lavish. In cahoots with some of Italy's greatest artists - Raphael, Bernini, Borromini - and their cash-stacked patrons - the Medicis, Farneses and Borgheses - the papacy transformed Rome into a wonderland of Renaissance and Baroque piazzas, churches and fountains. Money poured in as pilgrims came from all over Europe to see the wonders of the Holy See. The only real interruption to papal power came in the form of the Roman Commune, whose republican constitution and classical-style senate were instituted during the Roman revolution of 1143.

But as some guy once said, pride goes before a fall: Charles V's sack of Rome in 1527, the French Revolution, Napoleon's march across Europe and the Franco-Prussian War pulled the rug out from under papal power. In 1870 Rome became capital of the newly united Italy, leaving the pope with mere figurehead status and causing him to abandon the city for the home fires of the Vatican (the pope was made sovereign of Vatican City in 1929). The new administration was more interested in offices and housing blocks than churches, and during the 1930s the city expanded beyond the city walls. During Mussolini's rule, in the 1920s and '30s, Rome took on Fascist airs, puffing out its chest with wide boulevards and overblown architecture. Dreams of imperial glory led Mussolini to form an alliance with Germany during WWII, and the nightmare that ended up taking place helped set the scene for Italy's transformation from a totalitarianistic regime into a republic in 1946. The postwar years saw Rome's physical expansion and a role as the centre of Italy's film industry until the early 1960s.

Mozes
Michelangelo: Mozes
The 1970s and '80s were marked by more violent transformations, namely those of some radical student groups with a long list of complaints about Italy's left-wing governments into right-wing terrorists. The Brigate Rosse (Red Brigade) was the most notorious group, going so far as to kidnap and eventually murder former prime minister Aldo Moro in Rome in 1978. The last few decades of the 20th century saw a mixture of economic success and wide-ranging corruption scandals which touched many a politician, public official and businessperson. The public reacted with perverse moral indignation in 1994 by electing a stridently right-wing coalition headed by a billionaire media magnate, Silvio Berlusconi. Rome-style politics remain complicated in the new century, with a government that threatens to be unified and focused on economic reform trying to stave off a resurgence of support for Berlusconi (whose own idea of reform involves implying he has the power to perform miracles - in late 2000 he claimed the credit for the healing a wheelchair-bound man).

Meanwhile, Rome proper ostensibly remains, as it has always been, an administrative and tourist centre, without much sign of industry or trade.


NOTAM: We land at the smaller airport Urbe (LIRU), about 3 nm NW of the City Center. The landing has to be a visual one, as the airport has no landing aids.
Runway 16/34, length 3543 ft, altitude 98 ft.




Please note that these RTW Narratives are produced using materials from various sites, in print and on the web.  They are intended for the private use of the RTW Buzz pilots only and are not meant for public dissemination.


Additional Scenery:
Name: FRP.ZIP Size: 441,333 Date: 03-20-2001
FS2000 scenery--French Riviera Project v1.1. Includes Toulon, Saint-Tropez, Monaco, Nice, Cannes (France). By Olivier Bochu. (See also FRP2.ZIP)

Name: FRP2.ZIP Size: 2,249,187 Date: 03-26-2001
FS2000 scenery--French Riviera Project Update, France, for use with FRP.ZIP. Includes missing textures, fixes transparent buildings, adds a few modifications. By Olivier Bochu.

Name: FRA_V1.ZIP (6.2 mb) and 2_FRA-V1.ZIP (4.8 mb)
FS2000 - France and Corsica Version 2 - Terrain Mesh Scenery by Raimondo Taburet
Note: Alternatively for Corsica you can use BALECORS.ZIP (497 kb) by Raimondo Taburet. This mesh scenery includes the Baleares and Corsica. You might prefer this scenery for its smaller file size. And you don't really need French mesh scenery for this flight.

Name: CALVI.ZIP (513 kb)
FS2000: Scenery containing the citadel of Calvi

REMARK: Included with the ZIP file for this RTW leg, is 737012.ZIP.
This file contains a FUN flight in the default Cessna 182S to be flown without the panel being displayed at any time. It takes about 28 minutes and shows you Rome at its best.
The author, Denis Egan ("The Ancient Brit") from Noble Air, was so kind to give me permission to use it for our RTW Buzz. Don't forget to read his briefing.
This Rome flight is part of a set of FS2K GPS RTW Jet plans written by The Ancient Brit and currently available from the Avsim FS2000 Flight Plan category. The filenames have all the form of 7370xx.zip, where xx stands for the route number.

Flightplan & Narrative:
Jozef Kusters (RTW Pilot #038)